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The Palk Strait separates India (upper left) from Sri Lanka (center). This image shows the Strait filled with bright sediment, while off the northeast tip of Sri Lanka, a darkening in the waters could be a phytoplankton bloom. On Sri Lanka, many of the native forests have been cleared, but small pockets remain in preserves, such as that seen in the dark green southeastern portion of the island. The imaging satellite also detected a number of fires that are indicated in red.
Image courtesy of NASA. The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced circa 250 B.C., and the first kingdoms developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (from circa 200 B.C. To circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century followed by the Dutch in the 17th century.
The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Prevailing tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in July 1983. Fighting between the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) continued for over a quarter century. Although Norway brokered peace negotiations that led to a ceasefire in 2002, the fighting slowly resumed and was again in full force by 2006. The government defeated the LTTE in May 2009.During the post-conflict years under President Mahinda RAJAPAKSA, the government initiated infrastructure development projects, many of which were financed by loans from China.
His regime faced significant allegations of human rights violations and a shrinking democratic space for civil society. In 2015, a new coalition government headed by President Maithripala SIRISENA of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMESINGHE of the United National Party came to power with pledges to advance economic, governance, anti-corruption, reconciliation, justice, and accountability reforms. However, implementation of these reforms has been uneven. In October 2018, President SIRISENA attempted to oust Prime Minister WICKREMESINGHE, swearing in former President RAJAPAKSA as the new prime minister and issuing an order to dissolve the parliament and hold elections. This sparked a seven-week constitutional crisis that ended when the Supreme Court ruled SIRISENA’s actions unconstitutional, RAJAPAKSA resigned, and WICKREMESINGHE was reinstated. :This entry includes the following claims, the definitions of which are excerpted from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which alone contains the full and definitive descriptions: territorial sea - the sovereignty of a coastal state extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea in the UNCLOS (Part II); this sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as its underlying s.
:This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year; in the Word entry only, it includes four subfields that describe climate extremes:ten driest places on earth (average annual precipitation) describes the annual average precipitation measured in both millimeters and inches for selected countries with climate extremes.ten wettest places on earth (average annual precipitation) describes the annual average precipitation measured in both millimeters and i. :This entry contains the percentage shares of total land area for three different types of land use: agricultural land, forest, and other; agricultural land is further divided into arable land - land cultivated for crops like wheat, maize, and rice that are replanted after each harvest, permanent crops - land cultivated for crops like citrus, coffee, and rubber that are not replanted after each harvest, and includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, and permane. :This entry gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country on the world and within its region. Note: Starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have explicitly taken into account t. :This entry is an ordered listing of religions by adherents starting with the largest group and sometimes includes the percent of total population. The core characteristics and beliefs of the world's major religions are described below.
Baha'i - Founded by Mirza Husayn-Ali (known as Baha'u'llah) in Iran in 1852, Baha'i faith emphasizes monotheism and believes in one eternal transcendent God. Its guiding focus is to encourage the unity of all peoples on the earth so that justice and peace m. :This entry provides the distribution of the population according to age. Information is included by sex and age group as follows: 0-14 years (children), 15-24 years (early working age), 25-54 years (prime working age), 55-64 years (mature working age), 65 years and over (elderly). The age structure of a population affects a nation's key socioeconomic issues.
Countries with young populations (high percentage under age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older population. This is the population pyramid for Sri Lanka.
A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
:Dependency ratios are a measure of the age structure of a population. They relate the number of individuals that are likely to be economically 'dependent' on the support of others. Dependency ratios contrast the ratio of youths (ages 0-14) and the elderly (ages 65+) to the number of those in the working-age group (ages 15-64). Changes in the dependency ratio provide an indication of potential social support requirements resulting from changes in population age structures.
As fertility leve. :This entry is the age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population.
Currently, the median age ranges from a low of about 15 in Niger and Uganda to 40 or more in several European countries and Japan. See the entry for 'Age structure' for the importance of a young versus an older age structure and, by implication, a low versus a high. :The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country.
The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as.
:This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining. :This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population chan. :This entry provides two measures of the degree of urbanization of a population.
The first, urban population, describes the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. The second, rate of urbanization, describes the projected average rate of change of the size of the urban population over the given period of time. Additionally, the World entry includes a list of the ten largest urban agglomerations. An urban agglomeration is defined as comprising th. :This entry includes the number of males for each female in five age groups - at birth, under 15 years, 15-64 years, 65 years and over, and for the total population. Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries.
For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. This will affect future marriage patterns and fertilit. :This entry gives a figure for the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. The total fertility rate (TFR) is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman. This indicator shows the potential for population change in the country. A rate of two children per woman is considered the replaceme.
:This entry gives the number of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, per 1,000 of the population. Medical doctors are defined as doctors that study, diagnose, treat, and prevent illness, disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans through the application of modern medicine.
They also plan, supervise, and evaluate care and treatment plans by other health care providers. The World Health Organization estimates that f.
:This entry provides the number of hospital beds per 1,000 people; it serves as a general measure of inpatient service availability. Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases, beds for both acute and chronic care are included. Because the level of inpatient services required for individual countries depends on several factors - such as demographic issues and the burden of disease - there is.
:This entry provides information about access to improved or unimproved drinking water sources available to segments of the population of a country. Improved drinking water - use of any of the following sources: piped water into dwelling, yard, or plot; public tap or standpipe; tubewell or borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; or rainwater collection. Unimproved drinking water - use of any of the following sources: unprotected dug well; unprotected spring; cart with small tank or. :This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being affected by the diseases present.
:This entry includes a definition of literacy and Census Bureau percentages for the total population, males, and females. There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless otherwise specified, all rates are based on the most common definition - the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of the Factbook. Information on literacy, while not a perfect measu. :For most countries, this entry gives the date that sovereignty was achieved and from which nation, empire, or trusteeship.
For the other countries, the date given may not represent 'independence' in the strict sense, but rather some significant nationhood event such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, fundamental change in the form of government, or state succession. For a number of countries, the establishment of statehood. :This entry provides information on a country’s constitution and includes two subfields.
The history subfield includes the dates of previous constitutions and the main steps and dates in formulating and implementing the latest constitution. For countries with 1-3 previous constitutions, the years are listed; for those with 4-9 previous, the entry is listed as “several previous,” and for those with 10 or more, the entry is “many previous.” The amendments subfield summarizes the process of am. Amendments:proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of its total membership, certification by the president of the republic or the Parliament speaker, and in some cases approval in a referendum by absolute majority of valid votes; amended many times, last in 2015; note - deliberations by a constitutional assembly tasked with revising the constitution in March 2016 faltered after the prime minister tabled an experts’ report on proposals for a new constitution in January 2019(2019). :This entry provides the description of a country's legal system. A statement on judicial review of legislative acts is also included for a number of countries. The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled upon elements of five main types: civil law (including French law, the Napoleonic Code, Roman law, Roman-Dutch law, and Spanish law); common law (including United State law); customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law (including Islamic law). An addition.
:This entry provides information related to the acquisition and exercise of citizenship; it includes four subfields: citizenship by birth describes the acquisition of citizenship based on place of birth, known as Jus soli, regardless of the citizenship of parents. Citizenship by descent only describes the acquisition of citizenship based on the principle of Jus sanguinis, or by descent, where at least one parent is a citizen of the state and being born within the territorial limits of the s. :This entry includes five subentries: chief of state; head of government; cabinet; elections/appointments; election results.
Chief of state includes the name, title, and beginning date in office of the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of government includes the name, title of the top executive designated to manage the executive branch of the government, a. :This entry has three subfields. The description subfield provides the legislative structure (unicameral – single house; bicameral – an upper and a lower house); formal name(s); number of member seats; types of constituencies or voting districts (single seat, multi-seat, nationwide); electoral voting system(s); and member term of office. The elections subfield includes the dates of the last election and next election. The election results subfield lists percent of vote by party/coalition an. :This entry includes three subfields.
The highest court(s) subfield includes the name(s) of a country's highest level court(s), the number and titles of the judges, and the types of cases heard by the court, which commonly are based on civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional law. A number of countries have separate constitutional courts. The judge selection and term of office subfield includes the organizations and associated officials responsible for nominating and appointing j. Crusaders for Democracy Ganeshalingam CHANDRALINGAMEelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP Douglas DEVANANDAEelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front Suresh PREMACHANDRANJanatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKEJathika Hela Urumaya or JHU Karunarathna PARANAWITHANA, Ven.
Hadigalle Wimalasara THEROSri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP Maithripala SIRISENASri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC Rauff HAKEEMSri Lanka Podujana Peramuna or SLPP G. PEIRISTamil National Alliance or TNA Rajavarothiam SAMPANTHAN (alliance includes Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi Mavai SENATHIRAJAH, People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam D. SIDDARTHAN, Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization Selvam ADAIKALANATHAN)United National Front for Good Governance or UNFGG Ranil WICKREMESINGHE (coalition includes JHU, UNP)United National Party or UNP Ranil WICKREMESINGHEUnited People's Freedom Alliance or UPFA Maithripala SIRISENA (coalition includes SLFP). :This entry includes the chief of mission, chancery address, telephone, FAX, consulate general locations, and consulate locations.
The use of the annotated title Appointed Ambassador refers to a new ambassador who has presented his/her credentials to the secretary of state but not the US president. Such ambassadors fulfill all diplomatic functions except meeting with or appearing at functions attended by the president until such time as they formally present their credentials at a White Hou. Sri Lanka is attempting to sustain economic growth while maintaining macroeconomic stability under the IMF program it began in 2016. The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service, which have contributed to historically high budget deficits, remain a concern. Government debt is about 79% of GDP and remains among the highest of the emerging markets.
In the coming years, Sri Lanka will need to balance its elevated debt repayment schedule with its need to maintain adequate foreign exchange reserves.In May 2016, Sri Lanka regained its preferential trade status under the European Union’s Generalized System of Preferences Plus, enabling many of its firms to export products, including its top export garments, tax free to the EU. In 2017, Parliament passed a new Inland Revenue Act in an effort to increase tax collection and broaden the tax base in response to recommendations made under its IMF program. In November 2017, the Financial Action Task Force on money laundering and terrorist financing listed Sri Lanka as non-compliant, but reported subsequently that Sri Lanka had made good progress in implementing an action plan to address deficiencies.Tourism has experienced strong growth in the years since the resolution of the government's 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. In 2017, the government promulgated plans to transform the country into a knowledge-based, export-oriented Indian Ocean hub by 2025.
:This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States in the year noted. This is the measure most economists prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living conditions or use of resources across countries. The measur. :This entry shows who does the spending in an economy: consumers, businesses, government, and foreigners. The distribution gives the percentage contribution to total GDP of household consumption, government consumption, investment in fixed capital, investment in inventories, exports of goods and services, and imports of goods and services, and will total 100 percent of GDP if the data are complete.
Household consumption consists of expenditures by resident households, and by nonprofit insti. :This entry shows where production takes place in an economy. The distribution gives the percentage contribution of agriculture, industry, and services to total GDP, and will total 100 percent of GDP if the data are complete. Agriculture includes farming, fishing, and forestry. Industry includes mining, manufacturing, energy production, and construction. Services cover government activities, communications, transportation, finance, and all other private economic activities that do not prod.
:This index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country. The index is calculated from the Lorenz curve, in which cumulative family income is plotted against the number of families arranged from the poorest to the richest. The index is the ratio of (a) the area between a country's Lorenz curve and the 45 degree helping line to (b) the entire triangular area under the 45 degree line. The more nearly equal a country's income distribution, the closer its. :This entry, also known as 'M1,' comprises the total quantity of currency in circulation (notes and coins) plus demand deposits denominated in the national currency held by nonbank financial institutions, state and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises, and the private sector of the economy, measured at a specific point in time. National currency units have been converted to US dollars at the closing exchange rate for the date of the information. Because of exchange rate moveme.
:This entry covers all of 'Narrow money,' plus the total quantity of time and savings deposits, credit union deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase agreements between the central bank and commercial deposit banks, and other large liquid assets held by nonbank financial institutions, state and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises, and the private sector of the economy. National currency units have been converted to US dollars at the closing exchange r. :This entry provides the average annual price of a country's monetary unit for the time period specified, expressed in units of local currency per US dollar, as determined by international market forces or by official fiat. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4217 alphabetic currency code for the national medium of exchange is presented in parenthesis. Closing daily exchange rates are not presented in The World Factbook, but are used to convert stock values - e.g., the.
:This entry provides information on access to electricity. Electrification data – collected from industry reports, national surveys, and international sources – consists of four subfields.
Population without electricity provides an estimate of the number of citizens that do not have access to electricity. Electrification – total population is the percent of a country’s total population with access to electricity, electrification – urban areas is the percent of a country’s urban population w. :This entry includes a brief general assessment of the system with details on the domestic and international components. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry: Arabsat - Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Autodin - Automatic Digital Network (US Department of Defense).
CB - citizen's band mobile radio communications. Cellular telephone system - the telephones in this system are radio transceivers, with each instrument having its o. :This entry includes four subfields describing the air transport system of a given country in terms of both structure and performance. The first subfield, number of registered air carriers, indicates the total number of air carriers registered with the country’s national aviation authority and issued an air operator certificate as required by the Convention on International Civil Aviation.
The second subfield, inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers, lists the total number. :This entry provides the one- or two-character alphanumeric code indicating the nationality of civil aircraft.
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Article 20 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), signed in 1944, requires that all aircraft engaged in international air navigation bear appropriate nationality marks. The aircraft registration number consists of two parts: a prefix consisting of a one- or two-character alphanumeric code indicating nationality and a registration suffix of one to fi. :This entry gives the total number of airports with paved runways (concrete or asphalt surfaces) by length. For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m (over 10,000 ft), (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m (8,000 to 10,000 ft), (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m (5,000 to 8,000 ft), (4) 914 to 1,523 m (3,000 to 5,000 ft), and (5) under 914 m (under 3,000 ft).
Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing. :This entry gives the total number of airports with unpaved runways (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces) by length. For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m (over 10,000 ft), (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m (8,000 to 10,000 ft), (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m (5,000 to 8,000 ft), (4) 914 to 1,523 m (3,000 to 5,000 ft), and (5) under 914 m (under 3,000 ft).
Only airports with usable runways are included in this listin. :This entry states the total route length of the railway network and of its component parts by gauge, which is the measure of the distance between the inner sides of the load-bearing rails. The four typical types of gauges are: broad, standard, narrow, and dual. Other gauges are listed under note. Some 60% of the world's railways use the standard gauge of 1.4 m (4.7 ft). Gauges vary by country and sometimes within countries.
The choice of gauge during initial construction was mainly in resp. :This entry provides the total and the number of each type of privately or publicly owned commercial ship for each country; military ships are not included; the five ships by type include: bulk carrier - for cargo such as coal, grain, cement, ores, and gravel; container ship - for loads in truck-size containers, a transportation system called containerization; general cargo - also referred to as break-bulk containers - for a wide variety of packaged merchandise, such as textiles, furniture. :This entry lists major ports and terminals primarily on the basis of the amount of cargo tonnage shipped through the facilities on an annual basis. In some instances, the number of containers handled or ship visits were also considered. Most ports service multiple classes of vessels including bulk carriers (dry and liquid), break bulk cargoes (goods loaded individually in bags, boxes, crates, or drums; sometimes palletized), containers, roll-on/roll-off, and passenger ships. The listing le.
:This entry includes a wide variety of situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international terrestrial and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the US Department of State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues; however, inclusion does not necessarily constitute. :This entry includes those persons residing in a country as refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), or stateless persons. Each country's refugee entry includes only countries of origin that are the source of refugee populations of 5,000 or more. The definition of a refugee according to a UN Convention is 'a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a.
:Trafficking in persons is modern-day slavery, involving victims who are forced, defrauded, or coerced into labor or sexual exploitation. The International Labor Organization (ILO), the UN agency charged with addressing labor standards, employment, and social protection issues, estimated in 2011 that 20.9 million people worldwide were victims of forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor, sexual servitude, and involuntary servitude. Human trafficking is a multi-dimensional threat, depri. The Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is the single point of contact for all inquiries about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).We read every letter or e-mail we receive, and we will convey your comments to CIA officials outside OPA as appropriate.
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6 m m: P6 3 m c1.AE.30MnIso. 4 3 m: I 4 3 mRelated Minerals - (8th Ed.).
M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.2AgIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.5AuIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.6Cu 3AuOrth.1.7AuCuTet.1.8ZnHex. 6/ m m m (6/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P6 3/ m m c1.9CdHex. 6/ m m m (6/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P6 3/ m m c1.10CuZn 2Iso.1.11CuZnIso.1.12HgTrig.
3 m ( 3 2/ m ): R 3 m1.13Cu 7Hg 6Iso.1.14Ag 2Hg 3Iso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m )1.15Ag 11Hg 2Iso.1.16Ag 1.1Hg 0.9Hex.1.17Ag 3Hg 2Orth.1.18Ag 3HgHex.1.19(Au,Ag,Hg)Hex. 6/ m m m (6/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P6 3/ m m c1.20InTet.1.21AlIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.22(Cu,Zn)Al 2Tet.1.23(Cu,Zn)AlOrth.1.24CIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F d 3 m1.25CHex. 6 m m: P6 3 m c1.26CHex. 6/ m m m (6/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P6/ m m m1.27CHex.
6/ m m m (6/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P6 3/ m m c1.28Si1.29SnTet. 4/ m m m (4/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): I4 1/ a m d1.30PbIso.
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M m m (2/ m 2/ m 2/ m )1.35CuAs 2Mon.1.36Cu 5As 2Hex.1.37Cu 3AsIso. 4 3 m: I 4 3 d1.38(Cu 1-xAs x)Hex. 6/ m m m (6/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P6 3/ m m c1.39Cu 20AgAs 10Mon.1.40Ag 6Cu 14As 7Iso.1.41SbTrig. 3 m ( 3 2/ m ): R 3 m1.42AsSbTrig. 3 m ( 3 2/ m ): R 3 m1.43Sb 3AsMon.
2: B21.44Cu, Sb1.45Cu 2(Sb,Tl)Tet. 4/ m m m (4/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P4/ n m m1.46(Ag 1-xSb x)Hex.1.47AuSb 2Iso. M3 (2/ m 3 ): P a31.48Ag 3SbOrth. M m2: P m m21.49BiTrig. 3 m ( 3 2/ m ): R 3 m1.50Au 2BiIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F d 3 m1.51S 8Orth.
M m m (2/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): F d d d1.52SMon. 2/ m: P2/ b1.53SeTrig. 3 2: P3 1 2 11.54TeTrig. 3 2: P3 1 2 11.55CrIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): I m 3 m1.56ReHex.1.57FeIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): I m 3 m1.58Fe 3Cr 1-x (x=0.6)Iso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): P m 3 m1.59Cr 3Fe 1-xIso.
M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): P m 3 m1.60CoFe1.61NiIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.62(Fe,Ni)Iso.1.64FeNiTet.1.65Ni 3FeIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.66(Pd,Pt)1.67PdHgTet. 4/ m m m (4/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P4/ m m m1.68Pd 2SnOrth.1.69(Pd,Cu) 3Sn 2Hex.1.70Pd 2CuSnOrth.
M m m (2/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P m m m1.71(Pd,Cu,Pt) 3SnOrth.1.72(Pd,Pt) 3SnIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.73(Pt,Pd) 3Sn1.74Pd 3PbIso.1.75Pd 3Pb 2Hex.1.76(Os,Ir,Ru)Hex. 6/ m m m (6/ m 2/ m 2/ m ): P6 3/ m m c1.77(Ir,Os,Ru)Iso.1.82PtIso. M3 m (4/ m 3 2/ m ): F m3 m1.83PtCuTrig.1.84PtSnHex.1.85Pt 3FeIso.1.86PtFeTet.1.87Pt 2CuFeTet.1.88Pt 2FeNiTet.1.89(Rh,Pt)Iso.Other Information. This locality has map coordinates listed.
This locality has estimated coordinates. Ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. Good crystals or important locality for species. World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded. Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable. Barisal District. Bhola.Scott, E.R.D.
& Rajan, R.S. (1981) Metallic minerals, thermal histories and parent bodies of some xenolithic, ordinary chondrite meteorites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. (Jan 1981). Chittagong District. Comilla district.Powell, B. Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—I. Textures and composition of nickel-iron.
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E., Prinz, M. (1981) Metamorphism in mesosiderites: Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 12B: 1315-1342.; Yang, C. W., Williams, D.
& Goldstein, J. (1994) AEM Study of the Tetrataenite Rim of Metal Phases in Meteorites (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXV, Abstracts: page 1529. Dhaka District.Ramdohr, P. The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites.
Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. Antofagasta. Antofagasta Province.
Augusta Victoria. Imilac.Ramdohr, P. The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites.
Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam, London: New York. 245 pages. Taltal.Kimura, M., Ikeda, Y., Ebihara, M., & Prinz, M. New enclaves in the Vaca Muerta mesosiderite: Petrogenesis and comparison with HED meteorites.
Antarctic Meteorite Research, 4, 263.; Ramdohr, P. The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. Tocopilla Province. Tocopilla District.Ramdohr, P.
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& Shearer, C.K. (2014) Phosphate minerals in LL chondrites: A record of the action of fluids during metamorphism on ordinary chondrite parent bodies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 132: pp. (May 2014). Hefei. Lujiang Co.Guangdong.
Shaoguan. Wengyuan Co.M. Mineral., 1996, 8, pp. 325-333. Guangxi.
Hechi. Nandan County. Lihu - Yaochai area.No reference listed. Hezhou.Lin, S. (2007) Mineralogical and chemical classification of Zhaoping, Xifu and Hami iron meteorites. Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics vol 32, issue 3, pp 293-305.
(July 2007). Nanning.
Liangqing District.Kejie Tao and Peishan Zhang (1987): Acta Petrologica Sinica 5(2), 92-97. Hebei. Chengde. Yan Mts (Yanshan Mts).Zuxiang Yu (1984): Acta Petrologica Mineralogica et Analytica 3(3), 231-240. Heilongjiang. Suihua. Zhaodong Co.Wei Hou and Mingzai Wang (1988): Acta Petrologica Sinica 4(3), 74-79.
Hubei. Enshi Autonomous Prefecture (E'xi Autonomous Prefecture).
Jianshi Co.Wen Chuanfen (1980) Study of the Jianshi and Leshan Siderites (abstract). Chinese Journal of Geology Sci. Sinica 15(3): 292-295.
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Xilin Gol League (Xilinguole Prefecture). East Ujimqin Banner (Dongwuzhumuqin Co.; Dongwu Qi).Grossman, J. Ed. (1997).
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Lianyungang. Donghai Co. Maobei.Jingsui Yang, Zhiqin Xu, Wenji Bai, Qingsong Fang, and Zhongming Zhang (2006): 3rd Annual Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), July 10-14, 2006, Abstract 59-SE-A0643. Nantong. Qidong Co.Wang, D.
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(June 1992). Taizhou. Gaogang District. Sixiangkou.Chen, M., El Goresy, A. Ringwoodite lamellae in olivine: clues to olivine–ringwoodite phase transition mechanisms in shocked meteorites and subducting slabs. USA 101, 7 (2004).
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(May 2009). Shandong. Jiaodong Peninsula (Jiaodong Gold Province). Qingdao. Xifu.Lin, S. (2008) Mineralogical and chemical classification of Zhaoping, Xifu and Hami iron meteorites. Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 32(3): 293-305.
(July-Sept 2008). Xinjiang. Changji Autonomous Prefecture (Sanji Autonomous Prefecture).
Fukang Co.Connolly, Jr., H.C., Zipfel, J., Grossman, J.N., Folco, L., Smith, C., Jones, R.H., Righter, K., Zolensky, M., Russell, S.S., Benedix, G.K., Yamaguchi, A., and Cohen, B.A. (2006): Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41(9), 1383–1418. Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture). Hami Co.
(Kumul Co.; Qumul Co.).Bartoschewitz, R., and Spettel, B. (2001): Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36, A237-A239. Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture). Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture).Lin Xu, Bingkui Miao, Yangting Lin, and Ziyuan Ouyang (2008): Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43(8), 1263-1273. Zhejiang. Jinhua.
Dongyang Co.Ningbo.Daode, W., Malvin, D. (1983) The compositional classification of some Chinese iron meteorites: Geochemistry 2(1): 34-44. (Jan-Mar 1983); Rasmussen, K.
L., Malvin, D. (1988) Trace Element Partitioning between Taenite and Kamacite: Relationship to the Cooling Rates of Iron Meteorites. Meteoritics 23(2): 107-112. Split-Dalmatia County. Molunat.Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites.
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Annalen Naturhistorisches Museums des Wien 80, 39-55. Zagreb County.Buchwald, V. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. Java. Central Java Province.Grady, M. (2000) Catalogue of Meteorites (5/e).
Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, Cape Town. 690 pages. East Java Province.Scott, E. D., McCoy, T. J., & Keil, K. (1993) Post-metamorphic brecciation in type 3 ordinary chondrites: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXIV: Part 3: N-Z: 1267-1268.
(March 1993). West Java Province. Bandung.Ramdohr, P. The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites.
Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. Markazi.
Delijan County. Naragh (Naraq; Narāq; Narāk).Burragato F., Cavarretta G., Funiciello R., Tolomeo L. (1974): The Naragh meteorite fall (1974).
Mineral., 43, 673-680.; Adib, D. (1979) The Naragh meteorite - A new olivine-bronzite chondrite fall: Meteoritics 14 (3): 257-272. (Sept 1979). Tehran. Karand.Ward, H.
(1901) The Veramin Meteorite: American Journal of Science, Series 4 Vol. (Dec 1901/December 1, 1901); Powell, B. Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—I. Textures and composition of nickel-iron.
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E., Prinz, M. (1981) Metamorphism in mesosiderites: Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 12B: 1315-1342. Fukuoka. Nogata.Shima, M., Murayama, S., Okada, A., Yabuki, H., and Takaoka, N. (1980) Description, chemical composition and noble gases of the chondrite Nogata. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 18, 2, 87-102; Iwate. Rikuzentakata City.Ramdohr, P.
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Dar al Gani.Ikeda, Y., Prinz, M. & Nehru, C. E.
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Adrar Region. Chinguetti.Lapaz, L. (1954)The Adrar (=Chinguetti), Mauritania, French West Africa, Meteorite (CN=0127,202): Meteoritics 1(2):187-196.; Ramdohr, P.
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Assaba Region.Meteoritical Bulletin Database. Hodh ech Chargui Region.Connolly Jr.
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92, 2007 September. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 4(9): 1647-1694. Hardap Region. Gibeon.Mulford, R. N., & El-Dasher, B. Mechanical properties of several Fe-Ni meteorites (No. LA-UR-10-07276; LA-UR-10-7276).
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).; Michael J. Frost (1967) Oriented Lamellae in the Gibeon Meteorite. Mineralogical Magazine 36:607-612.; Petaev, M. I., & Marvin, U. (1997, March). Mineralogy and origin of brassy, sulfide-rich masses in the Gibeon IVA iron. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Vol.
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(Sept 1998). Wellington Region. Wairarapa. Masterton.Battey, M.H.
(1962) The Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand, chondrite. Mineralogical Magazine 33:257, 73-85. West Coast Region. Grey District.
Greymouth.Challis, G.A. (1984) The Dunganville (New Zealand) meteorite: an iron octahedrite (Note), New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, Vol 27:3, pp 391-393. Westland District.
(TL)Am Min 51 (1966), 37. Adamawa.Watters, T. & Prinz, M (1979) Aubrites - Their origin and relationship to enstatite chondrites. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 10th, Houston, Tex., March 19-23, 1979, Proceedings. (A80-23557 08-91) New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1979, p. 1073-1093. Bauchi.Ramdohr, P.
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(Feb 2017).Gattacceca, J. (2017) Young asteroid mixing revealed in ordinary chondrites: The case of NWA 5764, a polymict LL breccia with L clasts: Meteoritics & Planetary Science 52 (11): 2289-2304. (Nov 2017).E. Jilly-Rehak, Gary R. Huss, Lydie Bonal, Eric Twelker (2016): Petrography and classification of NWA 7402: A new sulfide-rich unequilibrated ordinary chondrite.
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Northern Cape. Fraserburg District.Ramdohr, P.
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